Gender Differences in Politeness Strategies in Negotiations in Sharktank America and Sharktank Vietnam: A Contrastive Analysis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23222Keywords:
contrastive analysis, politeness, negotiations, Shark Tank, GenderAbstract
Gender and language have long been an interesting field in sociolinguistics and pragmatics. In the current study, politeness - one of the core issues of modern pragmatics, is adapted to hopefully shed great light on the issue in Vietnamese and American contexts to explore the gender differences in negotiations. Employing descriptive, qualitative, and quantitative methods, the data recorded from 10 conversations in Shark Tank Vietnam Season 3 TV program and 1tenconversations in Shark Tank America were transcribed and analyzed to reveal the different strategies based on Brown and Levinson's theory (1987) used by gender group of Sharks (investors). The gender linguistic differences under the contrastive analysis theory feature the prominent politeness strategies used by investors in American and Vietnamese negotiations. Those are very significant to support the evaluation of language and gender in the current society and in a cross-culture context.
References
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1978). Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In Questions and politeness: Strategies in social interaction (pp. 56-311). Cambridge University Press.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge university press.
Candilas, K. S., Diane, X. M., Gaid, J. K., & Kolog, P. J. (2023). Verbal learning styles: implications to college students' oral English skills. International Journal of Language Instruction, 2(1), 30-39. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23213
Chew, G. C. L. (2011). Politeness in Vietnam. Politeness in East Asia, 208-225.
Goffman, E. (1967). Interaction ritual: essays on face-to-face interaction. Aldine.
Herbert, R. K. (1990). Sex-based differences in compliment behavior1. Language in Society, 19(2), 201-224.
Hobbs, P. (2003). The medium is the message: Politeness strategies in men's and women's voice mail messages. Journal of Pragmatics, 35(2), 243-262.
Holmes, J. (1986). Functions of 'you know in women's and men's speech, Language in Society, 15(1), 1- 22
Johnson, D. M., & Roen, D. H. (1992). Complimenting and involvement in peer reviews: Gender variation1. Language in Society, 21(1), 27-57.
Kitao, K. (1990). A study of Japanese and American perceptions of politeness inrequests. Doshisha Studies of English, 50, 178-210
Lakoff, R. (1975). Language and woman's place, New York: Harper and Row.
Leech, G. (1983). Principles of Pragmatics, London: Longman.
Litvinova, A. V., & Larina, T. V. (2023). Mitigation tools and politeness strategies in invitation refusals: American and Russian communicative cultures. Training, Language and Culture, 7(1), 116-130. DOI:10.22363/2521-442X-2023-7-1-116-130
Mahmood, A. S., Saad, N. S. M., & Nur, N. M. (2023). The Ups and Downs of Learning and Using English: Aviation Students' Voices. International Journal of Language Instruction, 2(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23211
Nguyen, D. T., & Le Khac, C. (2021). The Vietnamese greetings in Mekong Delta, Vietnam. International Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Culture, 7(2), 82-89. DOI:10.21744/ijllc.v7n2.1353
Nguyen, H. N. (2023). Teaching English Sounds to Vietnamese Secondary School Students: From Theories to Applications Using Learner-centered Methods. International Journal of Language Instruction, 2(1), 16–29. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijli.23212
Olshtain, E., & Weinbach, L. (1993). Interlanguage features of the speech act of complaining. In G. Kasper & S. Blum-Kulka (Eels.), Interlanguage pragmatics (pp. 281-297). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pham, T. M. T., & Yeh, A. (2020). Politeness of Vietnamese Students in Writing Request Email in English: a Course-based and Socio-pragmatic Study. International Journal of Language and Literary Studies, 2(2), 109-128. https://doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v2i2.202
Pilkington, J. (1998). Don't try and make out that I'm nice!' The different strategies women and men use when gossiping. Language and gender: A reader, 254-269.
Sienes, M. J. V., & Catan, J. E. C. (2021). The Speech Act of Apology by Filipino Call Center Agents. International Journal of TESOL & Education, 2(1), 117–128. https://doi.org/10.54855/ijte.22218
Takahashi, S. (1996). Pragmatic transferability. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 18, 189-223.
Tanaka, N. (1988). Politeness: Some problems for Japanese speakers of English. JALT Journal, 9, 81-102.
Tannen, D. (1994). Talking from 9 to 5: How women's and men's conversational styles affect who gets heard, who gets credit, and what gets done at work. William Morrow and Company, Inc., 1350 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10019.
Ton, T. N. (2022). Meaning as Use: The pragmatics of Vietnamese speech practice. In The Routledge Handbook of Asian Linguistics (pp. 376-392). Routledge.
Trosborg, A. (1987). Apology strategies in native/non-natives. Journal of Pragmatics, 11, 147-167.
Van Eemeren, F. H., & Grootendorst, R. (2003). A pragma-dialectical procedure for a critical discussion. Argumentation, 17(4), 365-386.
Vu, T. T. H. (1999). Politeness in modern Vietnamese: A sociolinguistic study of a Hanoi speech community (pp. 2001-2001). University of Toronto.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Hoang Thu Ba
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
The copyright of all articles published in the International Journal of Language Instruction (ijli) remains with the Authors, i.e. Authors retain full ownership of their article. Permitted third-party reuse of the open access articles is defined by the applicable Creative Commons (CC) end-user license which is accepted by the Authors upon submission of their paper. All articles in the ijli are published under the CC BY-NC 4.0 license, meaning that end users can freely share an article (i.e. copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) and adapt it (i.e. remix, transform and build upon the material) on the condition that proper attribution is given (i.e. appropriate credit, a link to the applicable license and an indication if any changes were made; all in such a way that does not suggest that the licensor endorses the user or the use) and the material is only used for non-commercial purposes.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository, in a journal or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.